Federal Reserve Economic Data

On September 30, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) released estimates of house price growth for the second quarter of 2025. Their index is estimated using actual sales prices as well as appraisal data, but the data are not seasonally adjusted.

Because home prices can fluctuate over the year, with a cooler market in winter months and a pick-up in the spring, it’s best to measure home prices relative to the same period a year ago. And that’s what our FRED graph above does.

• Since 1976, housing prices have increased an average of 5.1% per year, while the consumer price index (CPI) inflation rate has increased an average of 3.7% per year.
• In the second quarter of 2022, coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic, house price growth and CPI inflation peaked at 20.5% and 8.6%, respectively.
• In the second quarter of 2025, the most recent data available indicate house price growth and CPI inflation increased 3.8% and 2.5%, respectively.

While broader CPI inflation trends are relatively consistent across the nation, there’s considerable variation in house prices. (FRED also has CPI data for US metro areas.)

The FRED map below shows second-quarter house price growth for all 50 states and Washington, DC. Prices increased in all states, but declined in DC. Outside of the nation’s capital, house price growth was the slowest in Colorado (0.9%) and Florida (1.0%). The fastest house price growth was in the Northeastern portion of the US, with Connecticut and New York home prices both increasing 7.5% from one year ago.   

For more geographic detail, check out FRED’s FHFA house price data for 337 US metro areas, 24 of which had price declines relative to one year ago. The steepest drop in prices occurred in Punta Gorda, Florida, at –7.4%, followed by Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida, at –6.6%. Sumter, South Carolina, had the fastest growth at 18.0%, followed by Auburn-Opelika, Alabama, at 11.8%.

How this graph and map were created: Graph: Search FRED for and select “All-Transactions House Price Index for the United States.” The series you want should be at the top of the results. Change the time frame to 1976-01-01 to the Most Recent data release. From the “Edit Graph” section, change the units to “Percent Change from a Year Ago.” Click “Add Line” and search for “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S City Average” and click “Add data series.” Make sure the units are also “Percent Change from Year Ago.” Map: Search FRED for and select “All-Transactions House Price Index for Missouri.” Click the “View Map” button and then “Edit Map”; change units to “Percent Change from Year Ago” and the “Data grouped by” to “User Defined Method” with intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Change the <0 to the color red to identify negative values.

Suggested by John Fuller and Charles Gascon.

On September 26, 2025, the Bureau of Economic Analysis released real GDP data for all US states for the second quarter of 2025. The FRED map above shows the percent change growth rates from the previous quarter: Red denotes contraction, light green denotes slight growth, and dark green denotes rapid growth.

Highlights

• 48 of 50 state economies grew in the second quarter, with a national average of 3.3% growth annualized.
• The median state grew at 3.5%, and 23 other states had slower growth than the US average.
• North Dakota had the fastest growth, at 7.3% annualized.
• Arkansas had the steepest contraction, at –1.1% annualized.

The St. Louis Fed’s Eighth District states all grew except for Arkansas and Mississippi, which contracted 1.1% and 0.9%, respectively. Illinois and Kentucky were the only District states that grew above the national average: Illinois had the largest growth, at about 4.8%, and Kentucky grew 4.6%. Missouri, Tennessee, and Indiana were all close to the national average, each growing 3.1%.

NOTE: These data are subject to future revision by the source. Our ALFRED database records vintages of the data, so users can view the data as they appeared at various points in history. The link takes you to real GDP for Missouri, as of September 26, 2025.

How this map was created: Search FRED for “Real Total Gross Domestic Product for Missouri” and click the first available series. Click the “View Map” button and then the blue “Edit Map” button. Modify the units to “Compounded Annual Rate of Change.” Use “Format” to switch the number of color groups to 3, with the data grouped by “User Defined Method”; then define the scales to be 0, 4, and 10. For values less than 0, choose red to show contraction; for values less than 4, choose light green to show slight growth; for values less than 10, choose dark green to show faster growth.

Suggested by John Fuller and Violeta Gutkowski.

Net worth is the difference between total assets and liabilities. Tracking changes in the distribution of net worth can provide insight into how individual economic groups are faring, at least compared with each other.

Our FRED graph above uses Board of Governors financial accounts data from third quarter 1989 to first quarter 2025 to track five percentile groups of US households:

• Top 0.1%
• Top 1%
• 90th to 99th percentiles
• 50th to 90th percentiles
• 1st to 50th percentiles

For most of the time, the 90th to 99th percentile group (pink line) has had the largest share of overall net worth. Much of the time it’s closely followed by the 50th to 90th percentile group (green line).

In 2003, the shares of these two groups began to diverge and the gap between them began to widen.

Right before and throughout the pandemic, however, that gap markedly shrank: The share of the 90th to 99th percentile group decreased as the share of the 50th to 90th percentile group increased, shown by the convergence of the green line and the pink line.

The difference in aggregate wealth between these groups was 11.4 percentage points in 2019:Q2. In 2022:Q3, that difference fell to nearly 5 percentage points, the lowest it’s been since 2006.

Some background

It’s possible that changes in spending behaviors and income set off by COVID-19 contributed to a smaller gap between the 90th to 99th percentile group and the next 40 percentiles.

In their FEDS Notes article, Michael Batty, Ella Deeken, and Alice Henriques Volz report that a rebound in the stock market combined with increases in pension entitlements drove up assets for the 50th to 90th percentile group.

Our FRED graph below shows the difference in the share of wealth between the 90th to 99th percentile group and the 50th to 90th percentile group. Although the gap fell somewhat drastically from 2019 to 2022, it has risen in recent years, indicating that lower inequality between these groups might be short-lived.

How these graphs were created: Search FRED for “share of net worth” and select the first series labeled by percentile. Use the “Add line” tab to search for and select the other four percentile groups. For the second graph, select the 90th to 99th net worth percentile series. Use the “Customize Data” tab to search for and add the 50th to 90th group. Type a-b in the formula field.

Suggested by Anna Cole and Michael McCracken.