It’s summer and crops are well under way—a nice time for the FRED Blog to look back at the history of corn in this country.
Our FRED graph above shows the millions of acres of corn planted (green dashed line, right axis) and the millions of bushels of corn harvested (solid blue line, left axis) in the United States. This dataset goes all the way back to 1866.
Not long after that year, we see one of the earliest publications of the rhyme knee high by the 4th of July:
“It has been considered that if corn was knee high by the Fourth of July that the crop was sure and safe.” —Sumner Gazette (Sumner, Iowa), July 3, 1884
It’s a lovely rhyme, but it isn’t as true as it once was. Today, corn can be head high by July. How much corn an acre of land yields depends on factors such as soil nutrients, humidity, rainfall, and the type of seeds planted.
Both acreage and crops increased hand in hand between 1866 and the early 1900s. The vagaries of weather help explain the occasional large dips in the size of the harvests, as during the Dust Bowl era in the early 1930s. After 1910, corn acreage plateaued and so did the crops. But starting in the early 1930s, acreage steadily shrank yet crop yields became larger. Why?
The key to more bountiful harvests was the hybrid corn seeds used for planting. These seeds are drought-resistant and better suited to dense plantings, and they produce sturdier plants more responsive to artificial fertilizer. Their broad use resulted in remarkable increases in corn crop yields. Hybrid saved the day.
How this graph was created: Search FRED for and select “Corn Crop for United States.” Click on “Edit Graph” and use the “Add Line” tab to search for and select “Corn Crop Acreage for United States.” These series originate in the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Macrohistory Database. Last, from the “Format” panel, scroll down to the “Line 2” section and select “Y-Axis position: Right.”
Suggested by Diego Mendez-Carbajo.