Federal Reserve Economic Data

When the US Census conducts the monthly Current Population Survey on behalf of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), it asks households more than 200 questions about their employment status. One of those questions is “Do you currently want a job, either full or part time?”

As the BLS explains it: “People who want a job now are a subset of those not in the labor force.” The labor force is made up of (1) persons who are employed and (2) persons who are not employed but who had actively looked for employment in the four weeks prior to being asked about it.

Let’s put these concepts in the context of data available in FRED.

Our FRED graph above shows the percentage of persons who want a job out of the total pool of those who aren’t in the labor force. The blue line represents men, and the green line represents women.

The data, available since 1994, show very similar proportions for men and women. The rates ebb and flow with the business cycle, noticeably increasing during recessions (shaded areas in the graph). Over the past decade, an average of 6.6% of men and 5.1% of women who weren’t in the labor force would have liked to have gotten a job. Aside from the large spikes during the COVID-19 pandemic, these values have been fairly constant, suggesting the size of the pool of people interested in joining the labor market is relatively stable.

How this graph was created: Search FRED for and select “Not in Labor Force – Want a Job Now, Men.” Click on “Edit Graph” and use the “Edit Line” tab to customize the data by searching for “Not in Labor Force, Men.” Don’t forget to click on “Add.” Next, type in the formula (a/b)*100 and click on “Apply Formula.” Next, use the “Add Line” tab to search for and add “Not in Labor Force – Want a Job Now, Women.” Lastly, customize those data by adding “Not in Labor Force, Women” and applying the formula described earlier.

Suggested by Diego Mendez-Carbajo.

The government shutdown affected economic data collection

The 43-day lapse in congressional appropriations, which began on October 1 and lasted until November 12, 2025, has been the longest on record. Without funds to pay for employee salaries and business operations, multiple federal agencies stopped collecting and reporting data.

After funding was restored and normal operations resumed, plans were announced to backfill many of the data gaps created by the shutdown. But not all gaps will be filled. Some will likely remain blank spaces.

An example of missing data

Our FRED graph above offers a historical example of a missing observation in a time series of data. The solid blue line shows the average price of field-grown tomatoes in US cities between January 2012 and December 2015. The source of the data, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, did not report a value for October 2013. So, there’s a gap in the plotted line on that date. If you download the data file for this time series shown in the graph, there’ll be a blank value next to the 2013-10-01 date.

How do statistical agencies deal with missing data?

Statistical agencies use a process known as imputation to handle missing data points in surveys and to estimate the value of certain economic activities that are not directly measurable. However, when the surveys themselves are not completed, the imputation techniques cannot be applied and there will be missing data across multiple data releases. You can see a complete list of canceled releases from the BLS here.

Note: The FRED team updates the FRED database as soon as new data are made available. When individual data are not reported by the source, they’re shown as blank spaces in a FRED graph and as empty values in a data file download. The FRED Team does not impute values for missing observations.

How this graph was created: Search FRED for and select “Average Price: Tomatoes, Field Grown (Cost per Pound/453.6 Grams) in U.S. City Average.”

Suggested by Diego Mendez-Carbajo.

The FRED Blog has discussed how the daily operations of the Federal Reserve Banks and, specifically, the New York Fed generally maintain the effective federal funds rate within the target range set by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC).

As part of this management effort, the New York Fed monitors a variety of overnight interest rates that help take the pulse of financial markets and the overall cost of borrowing. Data added to FRED last October allow us to see how recent changes to the Federal Reserve System’s balance sheet have impacted money market conditions.

The FRED graph above shows two different categories of rates:

• Interest rates set by financial markets:
  • Solid red line: The effective federal funds rate (EEFR), which is set by financial institutions who charge one another for unsecured overnight loans in what is known as the federal funds market.
  • Dashed blue line: The tri-party general collateral rate (TGCR), which is set by financial institutions that borrow and lend from one another, through a third party, offering Treasury securities as collateral for overnight repayment.
• Interest rate target range set by the FOMC. The dotted orange lines show the targeted upper and lower limits of rates for trading in the federal funds market, described above.

Over the past year, the EEFR has steadily remained within its targeted limits, while the TGCR has fluctuated above and below the EEFR, sometimes even exceeding the EEFR’s upper target limit.

The gradual reduction in the amount of Treasury securities held in the Federal Reserve System’s balance sheet, combined with the Treasury’s management of its own holdings at the Fed, can help explain the volatility of the TGCR. The draining of Treasury securities from financial markets has made them dearer to institutions relying on them to borrow and lend overnight, in turn making interest rates more responsive to small day-to-day changes in their availability.

For more information about daily financial markets and monetary policy implementation, see these November 12, 2025, remarks by the Manager of the Federal Reserve System Open Market Account and this Implementation Note issued by the FOMC on December 10, 2025.

How this graph was created: Search FRED for and select “Federal Funds Target Range – Upper Limit.” Click on the “Edit Graph” button and select the “Add Line” tab to search for “Tri-Party General Collateral Rate.” Don’t forget to click on “Add data series.” Repeat the last two steps to search for and add the other two series: “Federal Funds Effective Rate” and “Federal Funds Target Range – Lower Limit.”

Suggested by Diego Mendez-Carbajo.