Federal Reserve Economic Data

The FRED Blog has used data from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) to discuss the income-adjusted weight of gasoline prices and the price elasticity of demand for gasoline. Today, we discuss a related topic: the strategic use of petroleum reserves by the US Congress to ease gasoline prices.

The FRED graph above shows data from the EIA about gasoline prices in each of the five “PADDs”—that is, Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts. These districts were drawn during World War II to help ration gasoline. Gasoline is no longer rationed, but the PADDs allow EIA data users to analyze patterns of crude oil and petroleum product movements throughout the nation.

Our graph allows FRED users to note the synchronized movement of gas prices across these districts and the noticeably higher gasoline prices recorded in the West Coast District, which includes Alaska and Hawaii.

A more contemporary element of strategic energy management is the US strategic petroleum reserve (SPR). This reserve is made up of a series of storage sites that hold up to 714 million barrels of oil. Releases from the SPR have been used to ease supply shortages due to natural disasters and disruptions to the global supply of oil. A recent essay by Christopher Neely at the St. Louis Fed briefly explains the history and traditional use of the SPR and explores alternative strategies for it.

For more about this and other research, visit the website of the Research Division of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, which offers an array of economic analysis and expertise provided by our staff.

How this graph was created: Search FRED for and select “PADD I (East Coast District) All Grades All Formulations Gas Price.” From the “Edit Graph” panel, select the “Add Line” tab to search for the same data series with the following heading: “PADD II (Midwest District).” Repeat that last step for the remaining three data series: “PADD III (Gulf Coast District),” “PADD IV (Rocky Mountain District),” and “PADD V (West Coast District).”

Suggested by Diego Mendez-Carbajo.

When we think about business capital we often think about traditional capital—physical items such as machines, desks, and cash registers. These kinds of items are rival, meaning their use is limited to a given time and place. However, many new types of capital are non-rival, meaning they can be used simultaneously and costlessly in multiple locations at the same time. Today, we look at one non-rival good: custom software.

Custom software is software that has been created or modified for a specific business either in-house or by a vendor. In the FRED graph above, we plot vendor-customized and own-account software spending as a share of total private fixed investment. As this graph shows, there has been tremendous growth in custom software as a share of total private fixed investment. In 1985, custom software was 3.1% of total private fixed investment. By 2022, it had increased to 9.1%, a nearly threefold increase.

This increasing share of custom software spending could help explain recent macroeconomic trends such as market concentration and the rise in the number of establishments owned by the largest firms. For more information, see this working paper.

How this graph was created: Search FRED for and select “Private Fixed Investment in Intellectual Property Products: Software: Custom” (series Y004RC1A027NBEA). From the “Edit Graph” panel, open the editing box: Under “Customize data,” search for and add “Private Fixed Investment in Intellectual Property Products: Software: Own account” (series Y005RC1A027NBEA) and “Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment” (series PNFI). Next to the “Formula” header, type (a+b)/c. (That is, divide the sum of Private Fixed Investment in Intellectual Property Products: Software: Custom and Own Account by Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment.)

Suggested by Cassie Marks and Hannah Rubinton.

Safe and sound banks are key to a healthy US economy and are at the heart of promoting growth and development. Banks’ basic intermediary function of matching savers with investors is predicated on receiving deposits that can be transformed into loans. There is no rule of thumb for how large those deposits need to be for banks to best operate as financial intermediaries, and there are large differences among countries in that regard.

The FRED map shows data from the World Bank about the value of bank deposits by nation divided by the value of that nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). This is reported as a percent. During 2020, that figure had a median value of 64% but widely ranged between 9% (Tajikistan) and 429% (Luxembourg). Why such differences?

As mentioned above, a solid banking system helps promote economic growth and development, so economists argue that good access to finance is both part and parcel of prosperity. However, the specific relationship between financial development and economic growth continues to be the subject of active research. You can learn more about this topic from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

How this map created: Search FRED for “Bank Deposits to GDP for Nigeria” and click the “View Map” option. Next, click on “Edit Map” and select “Data grouped by: User Defined Method.” Change the data interval values and customize the colors for each interval to match those shown in the map.

Suggested by Diego Mendez-Carbajo.